Releases

The company that became IBM was incorporated as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company.

Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft, beginning the company that would later build a broad AI research, cloud and product portfolio.

Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates founded the company later renamed Oracle Corporation.

Microsoft establishes Microsoft Research to pursue long-term computer-science research, including speech, vision, machine learning and artificial intelligence.

Jeff Bezos founded Amazon in Bellevue, Washington; the company later expanded from ecommerce into cloud computing, devices and artificial intelligence.

Larry Page and Sergey Brin incorporate Google, building a search company that would later become a major AI research, infrastructure and product provider.

Robin Li and Eric Xu founded Baidu in Beijing.

Facebook, the company later renamed Meta, was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

AWS AI and Machine Learning

Google forms the Google Brain research initiative to pursue large-scale deep learning and neural networks.

Baidu Brain

Databricks was founded by seven University of California, Berkeley researchers who helped create Apache Spark.

Facebook formed its dedicated AI research laboratory, later known as FAIR, under Yann LeCun.

Baidu Brain

Google completes its reorganization under Alphabet Inc.; Google becomes the principal operating subsidiary while Alphabet becomes the publicly traded parent.

Apollo

OpenAI launched as a nonprofit artificial intelligence research company with a mission to ensure artificial general intelligence benefits all of humanity.

Clément Delangue, Julien Chaumond, and Thomas Wolf founded Hugging Face in New York, initially building a conversational AI companion before pivoting toward open machine learning.

Microsoft takes the Tay social chatbot offline after coordinated abuse caused it to produce offensive content, prompting a public review of safeguards and social-AI deployment.

Alexandr Wang and Lucy Guo founded Scale in San Francisco and entered Y Combinator to build an API for routing human work, which evolved into AI data infrastructure.

Microsoft creates the AI and Research Group, combining research, information-platform and AI product teams under Harry Shum.

Tensor Processing Unit

The founders turned an experimental cryptocurrency-mining GPU setup into a business and expanded through opportunistic purchases of GPU hardware.

Michael Intrator, Brian Venturo, and Brannin McBee formed The Atlantic Crypto Corporation LLC, the company that later became CoreWeave.

AWS Inferentia

Aidan Gomez, Nick Frosst and Ivan Zhang founded Cohere to build broadly usable natural-language AI, later focusing on enterprise deployment.

OpenAI created a capped-profit entity, OpenAI LP, to scale investment in compute and talent while keeping the nonprofit mission in control.

Microsoft Turing

After the cryptocurrency downturn, the company redirected its GPU fleet toward accelerated cloud workloads and changed its name to CoreWeave, Inc.

Xiaoice

AWS Trainium

Erik Bernhardsson and Akshat Bubna founded Modal to build a developer-friendly serverless cloud for compute-intensive workloads.

Anthropic was founded at the beginning of 2021 as an AI safety and research company led by Dario and Daniela Amodei.

BLOOM

Scale AI Center St. Louis

Facebook renamed the parent company Meta Platforms to reflect its long-term focus on building the metaverse.

AI Research SuperCluster

Oracle Health AI

Responsible AI Dashboard

Aravind Srinivas, Denis Yarats, Johnny Ho and Andy Konwinski founded Perplexity in San Francisco.

PyTorch

Scale announced a restructuring that reduced its employee workforce by roughly 20 percent after expanding too quickly during the prior growth cycle.

Moonshot AI was founded in Beijing by Yang Zhilin, Zhou Xinyu and Wu Yuxin to develop frontier foundation models.

Anthropic described its strategy for building, measuring, and deploying capable AI systems while preparing for potentially transformative impacts.

Gemini

Arthur Mensch, Guillaume Lample and Timothée Lacroix founded Mistral AI in Paris to build efficient frontier AI models with an open-weight strategy.

MTIA v1 · v1

Elon Musk and the founding team publicly announced xAI with a mission to understand the true nature of the universe.

Hangzhou DeepSeek Artificial Intelligence Co., Ltd. was established by Liang Wenfeng as an AGI-focused research company originating from High-Flyer.

Scale Evaluation